He aha ngā pānga o te hanga i te rorohiko o te pūhanga lithium ki te roa o te wā o te pūhanga o te iPhone me ōna mahi

He aha te pūhanga rākau mō te iPhone: Te whakamātautau pūhanga matua, ngā here o te whakamahinga, me ngā whakamātautau pakaru i te ao pūnaha

I tēnei wā, i tēnei wā mai i te LCO ki ngā whakamātautau NMC: Me pēhea ngā whakamātautau kātōhi i whakapai ake i te kaha o te hiko me te tāwhai pūmau o te hāngā

Ko ngā tau tuatahi o ngā iPhone i whakamahinga batteries lithium me ngā kato e hangaia ana i te lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). He pai ēnei mō te whakakao i te mana nui ki ngā wāhi iti, engari he raruraru tōtika nui a rātau ina whakahaeretia i runga ake i te 4.2 volts. Ka taea e te utu tere te arahi ki ngā raruraru mōrearea pēnei i te rere wera me te tipu o te dendrite i roto i ngā pūtau pūhiko. Kua tino rerekē ngā mea mai i taua wā. Kei ngā tauira iPhone o nāianei ngā ranunga katote nikika-manganese-cobalt (NMC). Mā tēnei tātai hou e whakaiti te whakamahinga o te konupora ki te 60 ōrau, ā, ka nui ake te wāhi o te nikika i roto i te whārite. E ai ki ngā whakamātautau i mahia i runga i ngā paerewa IEC 62133-2, ko tēnei huringa e tohu ana ka pai ake te 20% o te pūhiko i te pupuri i tōna kaha utu i muri i te 500 huringa utu. Ka āwhina te manganese ki te pupuri i te hanganga pūhiko kia pūmau, ā, ka ārai i te tuku hāora nui ina piki te pāmahana. Ka taea e te nikela te whakanui ake i ngā taumata ngaohiko me te kore e tūpono. Ka mahi ngā whakapainga katoa nei ki te hanga i tētahi whakahaere wera pai ake i roto i aua tinana waea tino angiangi. He tino hira tēnei nā te mea e whakaiti tonu ana a Apple i te mokowā ā-roto, i te mea e hiahia tonu ana ki te mahi ōrite mai i ō rātou pūrere.

Te Āhua o te Tāwhai Tino Mātāmua vs. Te Whakamārama i te Hōhā: He aha ngā iPhone e whakamātautia ana i te rahi i mua i te whakamārama i te hōhā

I te whakamahinga o te whakamātautau, ko te iti o te pākaro te take tuatahi a Apple, i raro i te whakamātautau i ngā whakamātautau hōhā o te hōhā. Tirohia ngā iPhone – he ōrite anō te wāhi e 1.5mm te pākaro hei whakamātautau mō ngā kōpae hōhā, ā, he iti ake i ngā kōpae hōhā o ngā wāhanga tūturu o ngā wāhanga Android, i te wāhi e toru haurua. I tēnei rāhui, ka piki te hōhā o roto i ēnei wāhanga i te wāhi i te 8 ki te 12 degrees Celsius i ngā mahi pūmau, pērā i te whakamātautau i ngā kiriata 4K, i te whakamāhi i ngā pūnaha whakaahua arotake. He kōpae hōhā graphite me te tinana aluminium te wāhanga, ā, he āhua pai ngā whakamātautau hōhā, engari kāore ēnei i tino pai i ngā wā e roa ana. Nā reira, ka piki ake te pākaha o te whakamātautau o te pākau. I ēnei ture māmā o te pūtaiao, mēnā i hiahia a Apple ki ngā whakamātautau hōhā pai ake, pērā i ngā kōpae hōhā koperu, i ngā rūma hōhā, me nui ake te pākaro o ngā wāhanga i te 40%, ā, he rāhui tēnei i ngā whakamātautau mātua o te āhua māmā o aua wāhanga. Me tātai hoki, i ngā whakamātautau o ngā kiritaki mai i Statista i te tau 2023, he 78% ngā tāngata e pīroiroi ana i ngā wāhanga iti i ngā wāhanga e whakamāhi ana i ngā whakamātautau hōhā pai ake, ahakoa te mātauranga he iti ake ngā wāhanga iti i te wāhi e pākaha ake ai ngā pākau i te wā.

Te Whakamāmā o te Pākau i te Ao Tūmatanui: Te Whakamārama i te Āhua o te Hauāngā, te Pānga o te Whakamāhi, me ngā rāhinga whakamōhiotia e Apple

Ngā Kōkiritanga o te Pānga Matū: Te Tipu o te SEI, te Whakapāpā o te Lithium, me ō rātou āki i te wā ora o te pākau o te iPhone

He rārangi āhua e rua ngā mea e noho ana i roto i ngā pūhanga o te iPhone e kaha ana ki te whakamāhinga i te wā: te whananga o te rārangi o te pūhanga o te pūhanga (SEI) me ngā whakamārama mō te whakaputanga o te lithium hauā. I tēnei wā i tīmata ai tā mātou whakamāhi i ō mātou wāhanga, ka tīmata te whakamārama o te rārangi SEI i te wā o ngā whakamāhi tuatahi o te whakauru. Engari i te whakamāhi tonu i te pūhanga me ngā whakamāhi hoki, ka whananga tonu tēnei rārangi, ā, he rārangi e whakamāngai ana i ngā iono lithium mahi, ā, he rārangi hoki e whakamāngai ana i te pūhanga i te whakamāhi i te whakamāngai o te whakamāngai o te rārangi. Ko tēnā āhua e rua i te whakamāhi i te pūhanga i ngā āhua pērā i te hukapapa i raro i te 10° C, i ngā hāere tere ake i ngā hāere tāwhai, i ngā wā e tāwhai ana i te pūhanga i te tāwhai tonu. Ko ngā whakamārama nei he whakaputanga o ngā whakamārama o te lithium hauā i te mata o te anode, ā, he rārangi e whakamāngai ana i te lithium hei whakamāhi i ngā wā e tāwhai ana, ā, he rārangi hoki e whakamāngai ana i ngā whakamārama iti o te pūhanga. Ka kitea e ngā kaiwhakamāhi nui ngā pūhanga e 3 ki te 5% i ia tau i ngā āhua tāwhai. Engari mēnā ka tūpato tonu i ngā wā hōu i runga ake i te 35° C, ā, i āhua āhua o ngā whakamārama o te ahumārae, ka taea pea te whakarua i tēnei whakamāngai. Ko ngā āhua nei e whakamāhinga ana i te whakamāhinga o ngā āhua āhua o ngā wāhanga o ō mātou wāhanga, ā, ko ngā whakamārama āhua nei e whakamāhinga ana i te wā, ā, e kore e whakamāhinga anō, ahakoa kāore pea i te whakamāhi tonu. I muri i ngā tau e rua i te noho i te rārangi, ka kitea tonu e ngā iPhone āhua o te whakamāhinga o te hauora.

He aha te take kia kāore te ‘Hauora o te Pākai’ i te whakamātautau tūturu o te wāhi e whakamahinga ana – Ā, he aha ngā mea i whakamārama ana i tēnei

Ko te whakamārama i te ōrau o te hiko o te pūhanga e whakaatu ana a Apple, kāore i te whakamātau i te āhua o te pūhanga i tēnei wā. Engari he whakamātau i te whakauta o te pūhanga ki ngā rereketanga o te hiko, he tātai i ngā tauira o te whakawhitinga o roto i te wā, me te whakaaro hoki i tana hītori o te hōhā, i te wā anō hoki e whakamana ana i ngā pākaikai haumaru o UL 2580. Inā mōhio mātou i te 100%, ko tēnei te whakamārama i te mahinga katoa i rō ngā whakamāramatanga tāwhai, ā, i tēnei wā, ko te whakamārama i te tatau o te hiko. I te 85% i te whakamārama, he rerekē ngā whakamāramatanga i te ara i whakamahinga ai te pūhanga i tana hiko, ahakoa kāore i te whakamārama i te ngāwari o te ngāwari o te āhua o te pūhanga i te 15%. Ko te mea nui a Apple he whakamātau i te whakamāhi o ngā rākau, engari kāore he whakamātau tino pūmau i ngā tau. Nō reira, he whakamaumahinga a Apple kia whakamāhinga ngā rākau inā māmā te whakamārama i te 80%. Kāore tēnei i te whakamārama i te ngāwari o te āhua o te pūhanga i te 20%, engari i te rerekē o ngā whakamāramatanga, pērā i te rereke o te hiko i te wā o te whakauru, ka tīmata te whakamāhi i ngā whakamāramatanga o te haumaru. Nō reira, ahakoa he rerekē ngā iPhone e rua i te whakamārama o te hiko, he rerekē tonu ngā wā o te whakamāhi o ngā pūhanga i runga i te āhua o te whakamāhi, i ngā hōhā o te wā, me ngā rerekē iti i ngā whakamāramatanga o te pūnaha i waenganui i ngā rākau.

Te Wāhanga o te Hāngā me ngā Tikanga Whakamātua: Ngā Hāngā Matua i Taea e ngā Kairangi te Whakamahi hei Whakarereke i te Wā Ora o te Pūhiko Lithium mō te iPhone

Te Whakamāngōnga o te Hōhi: Me pēhea te Whakamāngōnga o te Whakamāhi i te >35°C i te wā roa e whakakaha ana i te tau o te pakaru i ngā whakamāhi i te ao tūmatanui

Ko te whakahaere tonu i ngā iPhone i runga ake i te 35 nekehanga Celsius he rongo kino rawa mō ō rātou pūhiko. E whakaatu ana te rangahau a te Tari pūngao o Amerika, ina wera rawa ngā waea, ka tere ake te tipu o tētahi mea e kiia ana ko te paparanga SEI, ka tīmata te lithium ki te whakakī i ngā hiko, e whakaiti ana i te maha o ngā wā ka taea e tātou te utu i ā mātou pūrere i mua i te tī Ka kaha ake te raruraru nā te mea kāore he pūnaha whakawera i roto i ngā iPhone. Nā reira ka tino aro nui rātau ina mahi i ngā mea pēnei i te whakatere GPS, te tākaro kēmu i runga i te pūkoro, te utu ahokore rānei i a rātau e noho ana i ngā wāhi mahana. Ko te waiho noa i tētahi iPhone i roto i tētahi motokā tū i te rā māramatanga, te whakatakoto rānei i runga i tētahi papa whakairo e whiti ana ki te rā, ka taea te whakanui i te pāmahana o roto ki runga ake i te 50 nekehanga Celsius, ka whara rawa i ngā wāhanga pūhiko. Mo te hunga e hiahia ana kia roa ake te roa o a rātau waea, he maha ngā kaupae māmā e tika ana kia mahara. Kaua e whakahaua, e whakahaere rānei i ngā taupānga taumaha i raro i te rā tika ina taea. Whakakorea ngā āhuatanga whakahou taupānga o muri i te wā e haere ana i te taone. Kaua hoki e wareware ki te tango i ngā pouaka tiaki i mua i te utu mō ngā wā roa nā te mea he maha ngā wā e mau ana te wera i roto i te pūrere.

Te Ture 20%-80% i Tirohia anō: Te Whakamārama i te Rōrahi o te Whakamātua, me ngā Āhuatanga Whakamāhi i te Whakamātua

Ko te whakamātua wāhanga he whānui te whakarere i te roa o te ora o ngā pūhiko lithium-ion. Ko ngā akoranga i whakapublikia i te Journal of The Electrochemical Society e whakaatu ana ko te whakamātua i te rōrahi mai i te 20-80% i le 0-100% e tāpiri ai i te tau o ngā huringa e toru, i te mātua i te whakamāreke i te whakamātua o ngā pūkoro o te cathode, me te whakamāmā i te whakaputanga o te lithium. Mō te whakamāhi i te iPhone i ia rā:

• Whakamātua i mua i te tāwhai i te 100%—ākine i te po—nā te tāwhai tonu i te whakamātua katoa e pāpā ake ai i te uara o te anode, ā, e whakahaere ake ai ngā whakarewa tāwhai
• Whakamātua anō i te wā e 20% i te wā o mua, kia kore ai e whakamāhinga ngā whakamātua pūmau e whakamāhinga ai i te hanganga o te cathode
• Whakahohea Tāka Pūnga Paihere , e ako ana i tōu tikanga, ā, e whakamātua te whakamātua mutunga mai i te 100% i te wā e hiahia ana koe—ka whakamāmā i te wā e noho ana i ngā āhua pūmau o te hāngā matua, ā, kāore he hiahia ki te whakamāhinga o ngā mahi