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Te Whakamāhinga Tere me ngā Pūkoro Litium: Ngā Mātauranga e Hiahiatia ana e ngā Kaiwhakamahi iPhone
E pēhea ana te whakamāhinga a Apple Bateria rītahi mō te iphone Ko te Whakamāhinga hei Haumātua—Kāore hei Tere
Te hīkoi o te litium-cobalt oxide me ōna whakamātau i te rahi o te hiko, te tatau o te hāngā, me te mātātutanga ki te hōhā
Ko ngā pīhanga iPhone a Apple e whakamahi ana i te lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) — he whirihoranga kia whakamāmā i te haumātua me te tūpono i te wāhi o te hāngā kaha o te whakauru. Ko tēnei āhua o te cathode e whakaputangia ana i te hau pūngao mātao (150–180 Wh/kg), ā, he whakamārama i ngā āhua iti, kaha o ngā pīhanga e tātai ai ngā kaiwhakamahi. Heoi anō, ko ngā raru o LiCoO₂ he raru e mōhiotia ana: ko tana āhua papa o ngā kōrero kaitohutohu ka rereke i tēnei āhua i te hāngā o te hōhā me ngā whakamāmā āhua i runga ake i te 4.2 V, i te 45°C rānei. I te wā o te whakamāmā, ka taea pea te whakawhitinga o te hauā, e whakamāua ana te whakamāmā o te pūngao — ā, ko ngā whakamātautau e whakaatu ana i te whakamāmā ake o te 25% i ngā whakamātautau o ngā whakamātautau o te nickel (Journal of Power Sources, 2023).
Kia whakamāua ēnei raru, kua whakaurua a Apple i ngā whakamāmā matua e toru i te rārangi o ngā taputapu:
- Te whakamāmā i te hāngā o te hauā : Ko ngā kōrero whakamāmā e whakamāmā ana i te hāngā o te hauā ki te 4.15 V — ahakoa i tāwhai mai i ngā kaiwhakamāmā USB-PD e whakamāmā ana i te 20 V
- Ngā anodes kua whakaurua i te titanium : Ka whakamāmā i te tau o te cobalt i te 15%, e whakamāmā ana i te tūpono o te āhua me te whakamāmā i ngā ara o te whakamāmā o te hōhā
- Ngā whakamāmā kōpae o te ceramic i te āhua maha ngā rākau whakamātua poliētīnē me ngā whakamātua kārāmi i te wāhi e tāwhai ana i te rere o ngā iona i te 130°C
Ko ēnei whakamātautau he whakaahua i tēnei mātua o te pūnaha pūhanga: Ko Apple te whakamātautau i te toa o te hiko i te wāhi o te haumātua o te pūnaha āhua pūhanga—ka whakamārama i te LiCoO₂ kāore he whakamāmā, engari he whirihoranga kōpū.
Ngā here o te rākau me ngā kōrero rākau: He aha te take kāore te whakamātautau o USB-PD i te whakamātautau tonu o te whakamātautau pūhanga
Ahakoa te tautoko i ngā tikanga o USB Power Delivery (USB-PD), kāore ngā iPhone e whakamāhi tonu i tana hiko o te 30W+. Ko te take, ko te Unitā o te Whakamātautau o ngā Pākete Hiko o Apple (BMU) e whakamahi ana i ngā here kōrero rākau kaua anō i ngā here rākau anake hei tiaki i te hauora o ngā pākete hiko. Ko te BMU e whakarerekē ana i ngā mahinga o te whakamātautau i runga i te hāngā, i te tau o ngā whakamātautau, me ngā whakamātautau o te whakamāhi.
| Te Hāngā o te Here | te Here o te iPhone | Te Tāhuhu o te USB-PD |
|---|---|---|
| Te Mātua o te Wāhanga | 2.2 A (20 W i te whānui) | I te 3 A (30 W i te whānui) |
| Tepeka o te wāhi | Whakamāmā i te 38°C | Whakaae i te whakamāhi i te 45°C |
| Te whakaaetanga o te hāngā | He whakamāhi āwhina anake i te 9 V | Tautoko i te 5 V / 9 V / 15 V / 20 V |
Ko tēnei whakamātautau e whakarite ana i te whaiwhana ki ngā taupua USB-C o tēnā atu, ā, e rereke ana i ngā āhuatanga whakamāhi kāore he oranga. He tauira, ko te BMU e whakamāmā i te wāhanga o te whakauru mai o te hāngā mā 40% ina pānui ake ngā hāngā o te wāhi i te 32°C—hei tauira anō, i muri i ngā 500 whakamāhi katoa—kia mau tonu te kapae i te wā roa. I te whakamāmā: ko te tautoko i te USB-PD e whakarite ana i te whaiwhana, kāore i te whakamāhi kaha tonu.
Te utu pūmau o te whakauru kaha: te pānga o te hāngā me te whakamāmā o ngā pākanga o te lithium
Te hanga o ngā dendrite, te whakapakari o te rārangi SEI, me te whakamāmā o te kapae i raro i ngā whakauru kaha manawa
Ko te whakamāhinga tere he whakamāhinga nui i ngā pūkoro lithium-ion i te āhua o te kīnētika me ngā pānga tāwhai. I te wā e whakamāhi ana te wāhanga o te hau, ka rere tonu ngā ion lithium, ka rere hāngai ngā ion ki te mata o te anode—ka hāngai ai te whananga o ngā dendrite. Ko ēnei kōrero iti o ngā kōpae mātātoko e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakamāhi ana i te wāhanga o te wāhanga, e whakam......
Te pānga o ngā whakamātautau: Ko te hāngā o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te wāhanga o te w......
Ko te whakamātautau i raro i te whakahaere a Apple i te tau 2023 mō te roa o te wāhanga pūhiko o te iPhone e whakakaha ana i te whakamāramatanga ko te whakamārama i te hāngānga o te hōhi te take tuatahi, te whānui ake, i te whakamārama i te roa o te wāhanga pūhiko o te iPhone. I te wā e whakamāhinga ana i te hōhi i te iti ake i te 40°C, ka heke te ora o ngā whakamāhinga o te pūhiko i te 25–35% i te whānui ake i ngā āhua pai (20–30°C). Ko tēnei whakamāmātanga kia heke mai i ngā hāngānga e rua: ko te hōhi e whakamāmātanga ana i te rākau o te cathode LiCoO₂, e whakawhitinga ana i te ngākau pāwhara o te hauā, me te whakamāmātanga i ngā whakamāhinga tāwhai i te electrolyte, e whakamāmātanga ana i te tau o ngā lithium, me te whakamāmātanga i te rākau o te SEI.
| Te hōhi o te whakamāhinga | Te whakamāmātanga o te ora o ngā whakamāhinga |
|---|---|
| 20–30°C (Pai rawa) | Te tīmatanga (0%) |
| 35–40°C | 15–25% |
| >40°C | 25–35% |
Ko te whakamārama he mātātū: ko te hōhi—kāore he wāhanga o te voltage, he wāhanga o te current anō—ko te take tuatahi o te whakamāmātanga o te pūhiko. Ko te whakamāhinga o te hōhi o Apple e whakamārama ana i tēnei whakamārama i ngā rākau katoa o te whakamārama.
Ngā ara e whakamārama ana i te whakamārama o tō pūhiko lithium mō te roa o tō iPhone
Te whakamārama i ngā wā o te tāwhai (20–80%) me te whakamāhi i te tāwhai ā-āpōpō o iOS i te ara e pai ana
Ko te whakamāna i te pūhanga o tōu iPhone i waenganui i te 20% me te 80% he whakamāreka nui i te whātata o te hāngā i te kātāni o te LiCoO₂ me te whakamāmā i te tipu o te SEI. Ko tēnei ‘stratēji o te wāhi-itī o te tāwhai’ e whakaroa ana i te ora o ngā rereke, ā, kāore he whakakore i te whakamāhi i ia rā. Ko te Tāwhai Āwhina o Apple i te Pūhanga he whakamātautau i tēnei mātauranga: i te whakamāhi i te akoranga mātātoko i te rorohiko, ka ako i ō mahi ā-rā, ā, ka whakamātua te tāwhai i te 80% ināianei i te wā i muri tonu i tō whakamāhi i te rorohiko—kia iti ake ngā wā e noho ana i ngā āhua o te hāngā teitei. Whakamāhia mai i te Tautuhinga > Pūhanga > Te Hauora o te Pūhanga me ngā Tāwhai. Kāore e taea te whakamāhi i tō iPhone i te pō i te 100%; ko te tāwhai iti i muri i tēnei kāore he whāinga, ā, he whakapāpā anō i ngā whānanga o te hāngā.
Ko ngā wā e kore e taea te whakamāhi i te tāwhai tere: i ngā hāngā teitei o te taupua, i te whakamāhi i te pō, me ngā pūhanga e pakeke ana (>2 tau)
Ko te whakamāhinga tere i te wāhanga kaha me whakamāhi i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te tere—ā, i ngā wā anō he āhua pai ngā āhuatanga tāwhai. Ko ngā hāngā o waho i te 35°C e whakapānui ake ana i te whakamāhinga o te hū, e whakawātea ana i te pākanga ki te rārangi whakamāhinga tere hei whakamāhinga tere o te pākanga. Ko te whakamāhinga i te pō, ahakoa ngā āhua whakamāhinga āwhina e whakamāhi ana, e roa ake ana te whakamāhinga i ngā pānga o te hāngā me ngā pānga o te hū. Ā, mō ngā iPhone e rua tau te pakeke, ko ngā pānga o te whakamāhinga o te rūri e piki ake ana i te whakamāhinga o te hāngā, e whakamāhi ana i te whakamāhinga tere i te hāngā kaha kore—e piki ake ana i te whāia o te hāngā me te whakamāhinga o te whakamāhinga o te kaha.
I ēnei wā, hoki mai ki te kaha 5W, 12W USB-A. Ka whiwhi koe i ngā whaihua o te roa o te wāhanga kaha—ā, he rahi ngā wāhanga kaha e 12–18 marama—me te iti o te whāia o te whakamāhinga. Ko te ture e noho ana: whakamāhi i te whakamāhinga tere i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana, i ngā wā e makariri ana, ā, i ngā wā anō he kaha tonu te pākanga.
Ngā Pātai e Patai Pūnoa Ana
He aha te take i tēnei a Apple e whakamāhana ai i te haumātua o te pākanga i mua i te whakamāhinga tere?
Whakamahinga a Apple i te whakamātautau o te lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂) hei whakamātau i te haumaru me te tūpono, ā, he iti ngā raru pērā i te whakamātautau kaha ake i te rere ake o te hiko me te rere ake o te hōhā. Ko tēnei āhua e whakapai ake ana i te roa o te pūhiko me tana mātua.
He aha ngā whakamātau matua a Apple i ngā pūhiko o te iPhone?
Whakamahinga a Apple i te whakamātautau hiko, ngā anōtī i te titanium, me ngā wāhi whakamātautau keramika ā-maha hei whakamātau i te haumaru me te whakakore i te hōhā, ahakoa ngā whakamāhi kaha.
He aha te take kāore tāku iPhone e whakamahi i te kaha o te whakamāhi pūhiko kaha o ngā kaiwhakamāhi USB-PD?
Ko te Unit Whakamārama Pūhiko e whakamārama ana i ngā whakamāhi pūhiko hei whakamātau. Ko te whakamārama i te hōhā me te hauora te tuatahi, kāore ko te whakamāhi i te kaha o te USB-PD o te 30W.
Me pēhea te whānui o te whakamāhi pūhiko kaha i te roa o te pūhiko?
Ko te whakamāhi pūhiko kaha e whakawhiti ana i te hōhā me te whakamāhi i te pūhiko, e hāngai ana i te pakaru o te kaha me te whakamāua ake o te pakaru, īnā i ngā hāngā hōhā e tāpiri ake ana i te 40°C.
He aha te rārangi whakamāhi pūhiko e tohua ana hei pai mo te hauora o te pūhiko?
Te whakamahi i te pāhono i te waingohia mai i te 20% ki te 80% he whakamāmā i te kātōhi me te whakaroa i te wā o te ora. Whakamāhi ngā āhua o Apple mō te Whakamārama o te Pāhono hei whakamārama awhina.
Āhea te tāpiri kore i te whakamārama tere?
Me tāpiri kore te whakamārama tere i ngā huinga o te hāngā nui, i te pō, i ngā pāhono pakeke, nā ngā āhuatanga nei e whakamāua ana ngā pāhono me te whakamāua i ngā mahi i te wā roa.
